Nutrient concentrations and NH4+‐N mineralization under different soil types and fallow forms in southern Cameroon

To evaluate the soil‐fertility sustainability of the fallow systems, nutrient concentrations and NH₄⁺‐N mineralization were determined in different soil and fallow types in the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon. Two experiments were conducted, the first comprised planted leguminous tree Calliandra calothyrsus, planted leguminous Pueraria phaseoloides, and regrowth mainly composed of Chromolaena odorata on the Typic Kandiudult. The second experiment made up of a fallow dominated by C. odorata, a fallow with C. odorata removed, and a P. phaseoloides fallow on the Rhodic Kandiudult, Typic Kandiudult, and Typic Kandiudox. In the first experiment, available P, Ca²⁺, K⁺ concentrations and effective CEC under C. calothyrsus were, respectively, 40%, 22%, 45%, and 15% lower when compared to P. phaseoloides but no differences were found between soils under P. phaseoloides and C. odorata. Mineralization of NH₄⁺‐N was higher under C. calothyrsus than under C. odorata‐ and P. phaseoloides‐fallow types, indicating the impoverishment of organic material under the former. In the second experiment, the beneficial effect of P. phaseoloides was found in the Rhodic Kandiudult in the 0–10 cm layer throughout its low NH₄⁺ release from mineralization. In the Typic Kandiudult, no differences in NH₄⁺‐N mineralization were found between C. odorata and P. phaseoloides fallows. In the Typic Kandiudox, there was no difference in NH₄⁺ mineralization between the three fallow types. According to the nutrient concentrations and NH₄⁺ mineralization, the fertility sustainability of the different fallow types may be ranked as follow: P. phaseoloides ≥ C. odorata > C. calothyrsus > fallow without C. odorata.     

Nutrient immobilization and release patterns during plant decomposition in a dry tropical bamboo savanna,India

Summary Decomposition and changes in nutrient content of six litter types (leaves, sheaths, roots, twigs, and wood of bamboo, and grass shoots) were studied in nylon net bags for 2 years. The annual weight loss was (% of initial) bamboo leaves 56.5, bamboo sheaths 79.5, bamboo roots 65.8, bamboo twigs 49.6, bamboo wood 31.2, and grass shoots 74.9. Elemental mobility followed the order K>Na>C>P>Ca>N in all components except wood. Generally, an initial increase was followed by a consistent decrease in the contents of N (leaves), P (leaves, roots, wood) and Ca (leaves, roots, grass), and Na (wood). Most of the nutrients were immobilized in the rainy season. C and K contents showed a constant decrease throughout the decomposition period. Materials with a greater C:N ratio (>50) tended to accumulate more nutrients and retain them for longer, except for the bamboo twigs. The critical C:N ratio (at which a net release of N occured) for the leaf material was 25. Litter components with more initial N (sheaths) showed greater weight loss than those with less N (leaves, twigs, and wood). Overall, N and P were lost at the slowest rates while C and K were lost at faster rates. Initial lignin, lignin: N, C:N and C concentrations had a better predictive value for annual weight loss and nutrient release in bivariate relationships. A combination of the initial lignin value and the C: N ratio explained 93% of the variation in annual weight loss. A significant relationship was also observed between the annual weight loss rate and the nutrient mineralization/release rate.     

贡嘎山暗针叶林枯落物截留特征研究

 采用现场模拟法和浸泡法观测贡嘎山不同演替阶段的暗针叶林群落枯落物截留、枯枝落叶层的最大持水量和林内枯落物的截留特征。结果表明:不同林型的枯落物截留量与林外降雨量有不同程度的线性相关关系,而与林内降雨量存在幂函数关系。同林型内,由于枯落物数量、组成成分与分解程度等不同,其持水能力也存在着较大的差异。过熟林中枯落物吸水饱和时间最短,最大持水率最低,枯落物与林下苔藓层混杂在一起,截留水分的能力相对较弱;幼龄林中枯落物饱和需要时间最长,最大持水率也最高,对林下降雨的再分配作用也相应最大。同时,枯落物层的截留作用及截留量的大小,除与枯枝落叶层的数量和质量相关外,也与枯落物的湿润程度相关。     

重庆四面山植被类型对坡面产流的影响

 为研究长江三峡库区植被类型对坡面产流的影响,在重庆四面山布设针阔混交林、阔叶林、楠竹林、灌丛和农耕地5种不同植被类型的标准径流小区。对天然降雨过程和由降雨产生的地表径流进行观测。结果表明:不同植被类型林地地表径流量的平均值,从大到小依次为农地、灌丛、楠竹林、阔叶林和针阔混交林,分别是6·45、4·12、2·91、2·34和1·57mm。3种以乔木为主的林地地表径流量,均小于农地的地表径流量,不同乔木林地地表径流量差异不显著。不同植被类型林地地表径流量与降雨量存在显著的相关关系,与降雨强度也存在极显著的相关关系,并且都表现为多项式或幂函数关系。在同一降雨条件下,不同植被类型林地(包括农地),地表径流变化趋势存在一定差异,且均是农地地表径流量最大。     

成都平原土地利用景观格局变化及驱动因素分析——以成都市龙泉驿区为例

利用GIS技术和景观生态学方法,以成都市龙泉驿区为例,研究成都平原的景观格局变化特征及其驱动因素。研究过程中主要以1996年和2004年土地利用景观格局为基础,采用景观类型面积指数、景观破碎度、景观分离度、景观多样性指数、景观优势度、景观均匀度、景观形状指数分析区域土地利用景观格局变化特点。发现1996-2004八年间,研究区土地利用景观变化剧烈,各景观类型面积比例差异增大,土地利用结构混杂,景观破碎化程度变大,景观形状不规则化程度加剧。区域内部由于自然、经济、社会条件的不同,土地利用景观呈现出不同的特点。分析研究区土地利用景观格局的变化驱动过程,发现人口增长和第三产业发展是导致研究区土地利用景观格局发生变化的重要驱动力;工业化、城镇化、果业和乡村旅游业的发展是另一主要驱动力。     

金沙江流域不同林分类型的土壤特性及其水源涵养功能研究

对金沙江流域6种不同林分土壤物理性质、凋落物持水量以及林地土壤贮水性能等进行了研究。结果表明，不同林分的土壤物理性质及其水源涵养功能差异明显。在相同的立地条件下，圣诞树纯林和混交林具有更好的维持地力作用和更高的水源涵养功能。依据林地总贮水量的大小，6种林分最大蓄水量大小依次为圣诞树纯林（2851．8t／hm^2）〉华旱混交林（2478．9t／hm^2）〉云华混交林（2432.4t／hm^2）〉云南松纯林（2142．8t／hm^2）〉华山松纯林（1851．8t／hm^2）〉旱冬瓜纯林（1620．3t／hm^2）。     

三江平原典型湿地水化学性质研究

以三江平原湿地生态试验站为研究基地,选择典型采样地点,对湿地水、排水沟水、降水、保护区河流水样进行测试,分析水样中主要离子含量(HCO3-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Ca2 、Mg2 、K 、Na )、重金属元素含量(Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn)和营养元素含量(N、P、K)及其有效性。研究湿地水化学的一般性质以及湿地排水后湿地水中化学元素的迁移特征。研究结果表明,湿地水化学类型一般为HCO3--Ca.Mg型和HCO3--Ca.Na型,重金属序列为Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn>Pb、Cr。排水中丧失大量的化学元素,这是湿地退化的原因之一。     

河套灌区盐碱地植物种类组成研究

通过对内蒙古河套灌区不同类型盐碱地上植物种类的实地调查,统计出该地区盐碱地上分布的植物种共11科37属48种,其中禾本科、豆科、藜科和菊科植物的种类较多,约占整个盐碱地植物种类的65%。同时对轻中重3类盐碱地的植物进行了归类统计,并通过测定全盐含量将一些主要植物按耐盐程度的高低作了简单的排序。     

老参地改良后微生物生态类群的变化

本文从调节老参地土壤微生物生态条件出发,研究了老参地经改良后微生物生态类群的变化。试验结果表明,新林土经人参连栽后,各类微生物的数量明显减少,微生物生理类群的活性降低,经改良后各类微生物的数量又显著增加,活性有所提高,特别是放线菌、木霉以及VA菌根孢子数量的增加和土壤线虫的减少可能是老参地肥力恢复的主要指标。     

浅谈发展“两型农业”的途径和配套措施

发展资源节约型、环境友好型农业,既是加快经济发展方式转变,建设"两型社会"的重要基础,又是实现农业可持续发展,建设具有中国特色现代农业的必由之路。